The authors analyzed polonium release hazards in a conceptual pool-type ATW burner with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant. Simplified quantitative models are used based on experiments and real NPP experience. They found little Po contamination outside the burner under normal operating conditions with nominal …

Cosmetics generally (5) including eye area use. §73.2110 Bismuth citrate (3) 1978 Cosmetics intended for coloring hair on the scalp only NTE (7) 0.5 percent. §73.2110 Bismuth citrate (3) 2010 ...

Liquid lead or lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been regarded as a primary candidate for coolant materials in fast neutron reactors and spallation target in accelerator driven systems (ADS) due to its many attractive properties, e.g., good thermal conductivity, low melting point and strong inertness to air as well as water [1, 2].In the long-term …

Element clustering and structural features of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy have been investigated up to 720 °C by means of high temperature X-ray …

At the beginning of the 1950s, heavy liquid metals, liquid lead and lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), were considered as coolant candidates for nuclear power systems both in the USA and USSR [].LBE was chosen as the primary coolant by USSR for the 'Alpha' submarine-the most advanced submarines in their submarine fleet and the …

Gromov, B.F., Efimov, E.I., Leonchuk, M.P. et al. Liquid-metal lead-bismuth target for high-energy protons as an intense source of neutrons in accelerator-controlled systems. At …

The corrosion mechanism of 15–15Ti and 316Ti austenitic stainless steels exposed to liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 550 ℃ with dissolved oxygen 5 × 10 −7 mass% was investigated. The oxides formed on steels have a dual- or triplex-layered structure. The higher content of Cr in oxides, the better inhibiting effect on Ni diffusion.

Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) fast reactor [], as one of the internationally recognized fourth-generation advanced nuclear energy systems, has potential advantages in the field of small reactors and nuclear fuel recycling.With the intensification of energy and environmental protection problems, the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO 2) Brayton …

1. Introduction. Liquid lead, as a leading candidate coolant material with high density, good corrosion resistance, low melting point as 327.5 °C, high boiling as 1725 °C, high thermal conductivity, easy liquidity, and absorbing radioactive rays (Wang et al., 2012), has been widely applied in fourth generation reactor (Sar et al., 2007), high-power …

Long-term corrosion behavior of T91 steel was investigated in 550 °C static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at different dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. It was found that the oxide film formed in the oxygen-saturated LBE consists of iron-lead composite oxide, Fe 3 O 4, Fe-Cr spinel and an inner oxidation zone (IOZ).

Using liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) as coolant in nuclear systems has been studied for more than 50 years. And LBE has many unique nuclear, thermo physical and chemical attributes which are attractive for practical application. But, corrosion is one of the greatest concerns in using liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) as spallation target ...

Liquid lead–bismuth eutectic Supercritical carbon dioxide Conjugate heat transfer Heat transfer performance Nomenclature A Area (m 2) D Diameter (mm) Dch …

DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3264-1 Corpus ID: 94826056; Non-uniform polonium distribution in lead–bismuth eutectic revealed by evaporation experiments @article{GonzalezPrieto2014NonuniformPD, title={Non-uniform polonium distribution in lead–bismuth eutectic revealed by evaporation experiments}, author={Borja Gonzalez …

The degradation of structural materials caused by the corrosion of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), the coolant of lead-cooled fast reactors (LFRs), has become one of the limiting factors for the development of LFRs. In this study, LFR structural candidates SIMP and T91 ferritic/martensitic steels and 316L austenitic stainless steel …

The understanding of flow and heat transfer characteristics of liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) is essential for nuclear applications. In this paper, a corresponding experimental facility was established and a set of experiments of heat transfer of lead–bismuth eutectic flow in a circular tube was carried out, and a new heat transfer …

Study of the Vapors of Liquid Lead and Bismuth. The total vapor pressure and mass loss per unit time of lead and bismuth vapor were determined by the …

• The high-temperature lubricity of Lead-bismuth liquid metal (LBE) for the nuclear coolant was studied. • LBE presents an outstanding lubricity for the high …

Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) target (44.5% Pb and 55.5% Bi, by weight) is planned as potential converter target in the upcoming mega facilities like EURISOL or SINQ MEGAPIE at PSI due to its ...

by liquid metal coolant (LMC). In the USA sodium was chosen as LMC as it possessed the better thermo-hydraulic ... In the USSR the lead-bismuth eutectic alloy was chosen as LMC [1]. In the USA the scientific and research development works were conducted on using lead-bismuth coolant (LBC), but the alternative to solving the problem of corrosion ...

Liquid LBE corrosion affects the strength and supporting capacity of structural steel, therefore increases the safety risk of lead-bismuth reactor. The metal elements in structural steel are converted into liquid LBE due to corrosion.

Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is an important candidate to become the primary coolant of future, generation IV, nuclear fast reactors and Accelerator Driven System …

Heavy liquid metals such as lead or lead-bismuth have been proposed and investigated as coolants for fast reactors since the 1950s. More recently, there has been renewed interest worldwide in the use of these materials to support the development of systems for the transmutation of radioactive waste. Heavy liquid metals are also under …

fast reactors using liquid lead or lead-bismuth as coolant and employing metallic or nitride fuel are being conducted(')-(3). As mentioned in the previous ~tudy(~)(~), the goal is to ob- tain some designs of small reactors suitable for relatively isolated area, for which we set the following basic requirements ; long time

The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. ... rose too high and a classic prank invented in Victorian times was to cast spoons from an alloy containing 8 parts bismuth, 5 parts lead and 3 parts tin. Its melting point is low enough for the spoon ...

A consistent set of thermophysical properties of a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy was developed for use in safety analyses of lead-alloy-cooled fast reactor systems. The vapor and liquid ...

Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) (44.5wt.% Pb+55.5wt.%Bi) appears to be a promising candidate as a coolant for LFR due to its low melting point of 397 K, fast heat removing from the target, good neutron yield and low vapour pressure. However, the liquid LBE can be aggressive to both austenitic steels and ferritic-martensitic steels, which are ...

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) susceptibility of an oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe14Cr4.5Al-0.5Y 2 O 3 (wt%) alloy in lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 350 °C has been studied using slow strain rate tensile tests. The results showed that LME occurred in this alloy regardless of the oxygen concentration dissolved in LBE, but an …

For advanced reactors, the use of molten metal or alloy is an attractive choice [1–3].Heavy liquid metal (HLM) such as lead or lead–bismuth (PbBi) is proposed as a promising candidate coolants for next-generation reactors due to their favorable properties of good neutron properties, heat transfer performance, chemical inert, and security …

The low cycle fatigue behavior of T91 steel in a lead–bismuth eutectic and an air environment was investigated at 150–550 °C. The temperature dependent "fatigue endurance peak and trough" was found in liquid LBE.

Liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy is one of the candidate coolants for fourth-generation nuclear power systems because of its good physical and chemical properties, neutron economic performance, and safety. However, the compatibility between the coolant and structural steel is still the main factor restricting its large-scale industrial …